Earmark
A provision in legislation that directs specific federal funds to a particular project, program, or recipient, often at the request of a member of Congress.
Understanding Earmark
Earmarks are congressionally directed spending provisions inserted into appropriations bills or their accompanying reports that allocate federal funds to specific projects, organizations, or localities. Historically, earmarks were a primary mechanism through which members of Congress directed federal spending to their districts or states. The practice became closely associated with lobbying, as organizations hired lobbyists specifically to secure earmarks for their clients. The relationship between earmarks and lobbying was highlighted by several high-profile corruption scandals, most notably the conviction of lobbyist Jack Abramoff in 2006.
In response to public backlash, both the House and Senate imposed moratoriums on earmarks in 2011. The moratorium effectively banned the practice for a decade. In 2021, Congress reinstated earmarks under new rules, rebranding them as "Community Project Funding" in the House and "Congressionally Directed Spending" in the Senate. The new system includes transparency requirements: members must post their requests online, certify they have no financial interest in the projects, and the total earmark spending is capped.
Despite the reforms, earmarks remain controversial. Supporters argue they allow members to direct federal resources to genuine local needs that might otherwise be overlooked by federal agencies. Critics contend they remain susceptible to lobbying influence and represent a form of political spending that favors well-connected interests.
Related Glossary Terms
Lobbying
The act of attempting to influence government decisions, policies, or legislation by contacting elected officials, their staff, or executive branch officials.
Lobbying Expenditure
The amount of money an organization spends on lobbying activities during a reporting period, as disclosed in quarterly LDA filings.
K Street
A major thoroughfare in Washington, D.C. that has become synonymous with the American lobbying industry due to the concentration of lobbying firms and trade associations located there.
Frequently Asked Questions
What does earmark mean?
A provision in legislation that directs specific federal funds to a particular project, program, or recipient, often at the request of a member of Congress.
Why is earmark important in lobbying?
Earmarks are congressionally directed spending provisions inserted into appropriations bills or their accompanying reports that allocate federal funds to specific projects, organizations, or localities. Historically, earmarks were a primary mechanism through which members of Congress directed federa...
this entity is one of the U.S. federal lobbying disclosure concepts that recurs across this site. The definition above is the technical answer; the paragraphs below add the practical context for how the concept connects to the the Senate Lobbying Disclosure Office LD-2 filings data behind every per-entity page on the site.
In the the Senate Lobbying Disclosure Office LD-2 filings data, this concept shapes one or more of the fields that drive the per-entity grades and rankings on this site. The methodology page describes which fields feed into which output; this glossary entry documents the underlying term.
Source: U.S. Senate Lobbying Disclosure Act database, 2026.